In the original description of Leishmania equatorensis, Grimaldi et.
al. (1992) base their results of putting this new species in the genus Leishmania on data collected from their
molecular make up. The team used enzyme
electrophoresis, serodeme analysis (which looks at what antibodies bind to the
parasite), and schizoeme analysis of k-DNA, which is basically analyzing the
kinetoplastid DNA using electrophoresis to determine that this new parasite
belongs to the Leishmania braziliensis complex.
Since the time of the previous
study there have been new discoveries surrounding this parasite species. The study carried out by Katakura et. al.
(2003), suggests that Leishmania
equatorensis should in fact be placed into the genus Endotrypanum. Species of Endotrypanum are parasites of sloths,
and like Leishmania, are transmitted
by sand fly vectors. In the study by
Katakura et. al. (2003) the mini-exon gene from Leishmania equatorensis and species of Endotrypanum were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and
were then electrophoresed for comparison.
The L. equatorensis mini-exon
gene was shown to be equal in size to the Endotrypanum
mini-exon gene samples. This study also looked at the sequence of the
mini-exon gene, and using phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains of L. equatorensis and Endotrypanum that were used had DNA sequences that were 96-99%
identical.
This newer idea of how to classify Leishmania equatorensis raises many
questions about this parasite. The paper
by Katakura et. al. (2003) mentions that there are only two species of Endotrypanum, and suggest that they may
be subdivided or reclassified. This
causes me to question whether the genus Endotrypnum
and Leishmania are really
separate genera or whether they should be combined into the same genus, but
considered different species. Seeing as L. equatorensis is molecularly similar
to species in both genera it may make sense to combine the two genera. Katakura et. al. (2003) also states that
species of the genus Endotrypanum
only infect sloths. Does this mean that
there should be no concern about this parasite, even though it was determined
to act exactly like Leishmania
braziliensis in terms of its virulence and development in lab animals as
shown by Grimaldi et. al. (1992)? Could
researchers look at and compare other gene sequences in L. equatorensis, Endotrypanum, and other species of Leishmania to see if there are any more
similarities that will help determine the phylogeny of what is currently known
as Leishmania equatorensis? It would make sense to compare more gene
sequences before suggesting Leishmania
equatorensis is most likely to be of the genus Endotrypanum.
Grimaldi, G.,
Jr., R.D. Kreutzer, Y. Hashiguchi, E.A. Gomez, T. Mimory, and R.B. Tesh. 1992.
Description of Leishmania
equatorensis SP. N. (Kinetoplasida: Trypanosomatidae), a new parasite
infecting arboreal mammals in Ecuador. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 87:
221-228.
Katakura, K., T.
Mimori, M. Furuya, H. Uezato, S. Nonaka, M. Okamoto, E. A. Gomez, and Y.
Hashiguchi. 2003. Identification of Endotrypanum species from sloth, a squirrel and Lutzomyia sandflies in Ecuador by PCR
amplification and sequencing of the mini-exon gene. J. Vet.
Med. Sci. 65(5): 649-653.
I agree with your last statement. More needs to be done with this. A genetic difference of 3% is not enough to establish a species difference, at least not on its own.
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